Air-Dried (AD): Lumber dried by natural air circulation rather than a kiln. Moisture content varies by climate and season, and is not as tightly controlled as kiln-dried lumber.
Annular Nail: A pallet nail with annular (circular ring) threads rolled onto the shank. The rings dramatically increase withdrawal resistance compared to smooth-shank nails, making the joint more permanent and resistant to loosening under vibration.

Banding Notch: See Strap Slot. A recess on the upper edge of the stringer or bottom of the top deckboard used to seat tie-down strapping flush with the pallet surface, preventing the strap from being crushed during handling.
Bin (Pallet Bin): A four-sided superstructure mounted on a pallet base, with or without a cover, that converts a flat pallet into an enclosed container for loose or bulk goods. Also called a box pallet or container bin pallet.
Block: A rectangular, square, or cylindrical deck spacer used in block pallets to elevate the top deck and create fork-entry space. Identified by location: corner block, end block, edge block, inner block, or center block.
Block Pallet: A pallet supported by nine solid wood or composite blocks arranged in a 3x3 pattern, enabling full four-way forklift and pallet-jack entry from all sides. Block pallets are generally stronger and more durable than stringer pallets and are preferred for high-cycle racking applications.
Bottom Deck: The assembly of deckboards comprising the lower surface of a double-face pallet. The bottom deck distributes floor contact loads, protects the stringer or block assembly, and allows the pallet to be reversed if it is a reversible design.
Butted Deckboard: An inner deckboard placed tightly against an adjacent lead deckboard during pallet assembly, leaving no gap between them. Used to increase deck surface coverage near the ends of the pallet where loads are heaviest.

CAD / Pallet Design System (PDS): Computer-aided design software used to engineer wooden pallets before manufacture. PDS is the industry-standard reliability-based program developed at Virginia Tech that determines safe load capacity, expected pallet life, deflection, and cost-per-trip before a single board is cut.
Captive Pallet: A pallet intended for use exclusively within a single facility, system, or ownership. Captive pallets are not designed to be exchanged with outside parties and can be built to a tighter internal specification without meeting general-purpose standards.
Chamfered Deckboard: A deckboard with the leading edges of one or two faces beveled at an angle, either along the full board length or only between the stringers or blocks. The chamfer creates a ramp that guides forklift tines under the deck cleanly, reducing entry damage and board splitting.
CHEP Pallet: A blue-painted, block-style pallet owned and managed by CHEP, one of the world's largest pallet-pooling companies. CHEP pallets are rented, not sold, and tracked through the supply chain using a deposit-and-return system. They must be returned to CHEP depots and are not available for purchase.
Closed Distribution System: A shipping system restricted to moving goods between a specified set of plants and facilities, as opposed to an open system that sends pallets to any destination. Captive pallets are well-suited to closed distribution systems.
Collar: A collapsible wooden frame that attaches to the top of a flat pallet and folds flat when not in use. Collars convert a standard pallet into a three-dimensional container for loose, fragile, or irregularly shaped goods without requiring a custom crate.
Cost-Pass-Through: A pricing arrangement where part of the pallet cost is passed from the purchaser (shipper) to the receiver of the goods. Common in retailer-driven supply chains where large buyers dictate pallet specifications but share in procurement costs.
Cost-Per-Trip: The average cost of pallet use for a single one-way movement from shipper to receiver. Calculated by dividing total pallet cost (purchase + repair + disposal) by the number of trips completed. A key metric for comparing pallet programs and materials.

Deck: One or more boards or panels comprising the top or bottom surface of a pallet. The top deck bears the unit load; the bottom deck (on double-face pallets) provides structural support and stability during storage and transport.
Deck Mat: The sub-assembly of deckboards and stringerboards that forms a complete deck surface on a block pallet before the blocks are attached. Deck mats are sometimes pre-assembled and then fastened to the block set.
Deckboard: A board element oriented perpendicular to the stringer or stringerboard, nailed across the top and/or bottom of the pallet to form the load-bearing surface. Deckboard width, thickness, species, and spacing are all defined in the pallet specification.
Deckboard Spacing: The clear distance between adjacent deckboards measured at the top surface. Spacing affects load distribution, product stability, and compatibility with automated conveyor systems that require specific gap dimensions.
Deckboard Span: The distance a deckboard must bridge between its supports (stringers, stringerboards, or blocks). Longer spans require thicker or wider deckboards to maintain adequate strength and prevent deflection under load.
Deflection: The amount of bending or deformation a pallet undergoes under load. PDS software calculates expected deflection for rack and floor-stack scenarios. Excessive deflection indicates the pallet is overloaded or undersized for the application.
Double-Face Pallet: A pallet with deckboards on both the top and bottom faces. The double deck provides greater rigidity, better load distribution, and allows the pallet to be reversed if one surface becomes damaged. More durable and heavier than single-face pallets.
Double-Wing Pallet: A pallet where both the top and bottom deckboards extend beyond the outer edges of the stringers or stringerboards. The overhanging wings provide additional deck surface, improve forklift entry, and allow strapping to be wrapped around the extended edges.
Drive Screw Nail: A helically (continuous spiral) threaded pallet nail, also called a helical nail. The spiral thread acts like a screw as it is driven, dramatically increasing withdrawal resistance compared to smooth-shank nails. Preferred for high-cycle pallets and hardwood applications.
Dynamic Load Capacity: The maximum weight a pallet can safely carry while in motion on a forklift, conveyor, or truck. Because movement introduces vibration and impact forces, dynamic capacity is typically the lowest of the three standard pallet load ratings.

Economic Life: A PDS output identifying the number of trips a properly-repaired pallet will complete while maximizing return on investment. Economic life considers repair costs at each trip interval and pinpoints when continued repair becomes more expensive than replacement.
Entry Notch: A rectangular cutout in the lower portion of a stringer, typically 9 inches long and 1.5 inches deep, that allows forklift tines to enter from the side. Notched stringers convert a two-way pallet into a partial four-way entry pallet.
Exchange Pallet: A pallet used among a designated group of shippers and receivers where ownership of the pallet transfers with ownership of the unit load. The receiver is responsible for returning or re-using the pallet. Also called a common pool pallet.
Expendable Pallet: A pallet designed and priced for a single one-way trip from shipper to receiver, then discarded or recycled. Expendable pallets prioritize low unit cost over durability. Also called a shipping pallet.

Fastener: Any mechanical device used to join pallet components: nails, screws, staples, bolts, or adhesives. Fastener type, size, and quantity directly affect joint strength, pallet durability, and repairability.
Fastener Shear Index: A relative measure of a pallet fastener's resistance to shear forces that try to slide joined boards past each other. Higher values indicate a stronger joint capable of withstanding greater lateral loads.
Flush Pallet: A pallet where deckboard ends are flush with the outer faces of the stringers or blocks, with no overhang on any side. Flush pallets are preferred for automated conveyor systems and rack storage where a defined, consistent footprint is critical.
Footprint: The total floor area occupied by a pallet, expressed as width x length in inches (e.g., 48"x40"). The footprint determines storage density, rack bay sizing, and trailer load efficiency.
Fork Entry: The opening between pallet decks, beneath the top deck, or beneath the stringer notch that admits forklift tines. Fork entry height must accommodate the tine dimensions of the handling equipment in use.
Forklift Entry: The number of sides from which a forklift or pallet jack can insert its tines. Two-way entry pallets accept forks from front and back only. Four-way entry pallets accept forks from all four sides.
Four-Way Block Pallet: A block pallet with openings on all four sides large enough to admit both powered forklifts and hand pallet jacks from all four directions simultaneously. Considered the most versatile pallet type for high-throughput distribution.
Free Span: The unsupported distance between rack beams in a warehouse racking system. The pallet must bridge this gap without excessive deflection under the rated load. Longer free spans demand stronger pallet construction.

GMA Pallet: The 48"x40" pallet standard originally specified by the Grocery Manufacturers Association. It is the most widely used pallet size in North American supply chains, compatible with the vast majority of racking systems, trailers, and material handling equipment.
Grade A (Premium): Pallets in like-new or excellent condition. May have seen light use but require no repair or only minor touch-ups before redeployment. Grade A pallets are suitable for food-grade, pharmaceutical, or high-visibility retail applications.
Grade B (Standard): Used pallets in good functional condition with minor cosmetic wear. May have a small number of repaired or replaced boards but are structurally sound and fully serviceable for standard logistics applications.
Grade C (Utility): Pallets with significant wear or damage: multiple broken, missing, or poorly repaired boards. Suitable for low-stress or non-critical applications, or as a source of lumber for pallet repairs. Often available at significantly lower cost.

Hand (Wheel) Jack Opening: A space cut into or formed within the bottom deck of a pallet to allow the load wheels of a hand pallet jack to contact the floor during entry. Without adequate wheel openings, hand jacks cannot lift the pallet from the side.
Handling: A single complete cycle of picking up, moving, and setting down a loaded or empty pallet. Pallet life is often measured in trips, where one trip typically consists of four to six individual handlings.
Hardwood: Wood from broad-leaved (deciduous) tree species such as oak, maple, ash, and poplar. The term refers to botanical classification, not actual hardness. Hardwoods are generally denser and more wear-resistant, making them popular for high-cycle pallets.
Heat Treatment (HT): A wood treatment process that heats lumber to a core temperature of 56 degrees Celsius (133 degrees Fahrenheit) for a minimum of 30 continuous minutes, killing insects, larvae, and pathogens. Required by ISPM 15 for wood packaging used in international trade and must be marked with the IPPC stamp.
Helical Nail: A pallet nail with a continuous spiral thread along its shank, also called a drive screw nail. As the nail is driven, the spiral engages wood fibers and resists withdrawal like a screw, offering superior holding power compared to smooth-shank nails.

Inner Deckboard: Any deckboard located between the two outermost lead deckboards on a pallet deck. Inner deckboards carry the bulk of distributed loads, and their spacing determines how well the pallet supports different product types.
ISPM 15: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15, the global regulation governing wooden packaging material (pallets, crates, dunnage) used in international trade. Wood must be Heat Treated (HT) or Methyl Bromide treated (MB) and permanently marked with the IPPC wheat-sheaf symbol, country code, producer number, and treatment type. Non-compliant pallets can be refused, destroyed, or trigger costly customs delays.

Joint: The intersection and mechanical connection of two pallet components, held together by fasteners, adhesive, or both. Joints are identified by location: end joint, center joint, or corner joint. Joint quality is a primary determinant of overall pallet strength and service life.

Kiln-Dried (KD): Lumber dried in a heated kiln to a controlled moisture content, typically 19% or less. More consistent and faster than air drying, and required for food-grade, pharmaceutical, and export applications where mold risk or insect presence must be minimized. KD lumber weighs less and holds fasteners more securely than green or air-dried lumber.

Lead Board: The outermost deckboard at each end of a pallet, positioned directly above the end stringers or blocks. Lead boards experience the highest impact and stress during forklift entry and are the most frequently damaged and replaced components in pallet repair.
Length (Pallet Dimension): The stringer or stringerboard measurement, always listed first when specifying a pallet size. In a 48"x40" pallet, 48" is the stringer length and 40" is the deckboard length. This convention is the industry standard across North America.
Life to First Repair: The number of trips a new pallet will complete before requiring its first repair, a key PDS design output. Used alongside economic life to evaluate total cost of ownership across the pallet's full service life.
Line Load: A load scenario where the weight of the unit load is concentrated along a narrow line or strip across the full width or length of the pallet, rather than being uniformly distributed. Line loads from drums, pipe, or machinery are more demanding on pallets than distributed loads.
Load Bearing Surface: The actual area of deckboard material in contact with and actively supporting the unit load. Gaps between deckboards reduce effective load-bearing surface, which must be considered when packaging small, soft, or fragile products.

Methyl Bromide (MB): A chemical fumigation treatment applied to wood packaging under ISPM 15 to kill insects and pests. Being phased out globally due to its classification as an ozone-depleting substance. Heat Treatment (HT) is now the preferred and more widely accepted ISPM 15 compliance method.
MIBANT Angle: The bend angle measured in a pallet nail shank after a standardized Morgan Impact Bend Angle Nail Tester test. The angle classifies nail hardness: soft nails (47 degrees or greater), stiff-stock nails (29 to 46 degrees), and hardened nails (8 to 28 degrees). Harder nails provide greater joint stiffness but absorb less impact energy.
MIBANT Test: The Morgan Impact Bend Angle Nail Tester test, the industry standard for measuring the impact bend resistance of pallet nails and staples. Results classify fastener hardness and predict joint performance under dynamic loading conditions.
Moisture Content (MC): The weight of water in lumber expressed as a percentage of its oven-dry weight. MC directly affects pallet weight, fastener holding strength, mold risk, and dimensional stability. Food-grade and pharmaceutical pallets often specify maximum MC thresholds.

Nail: The most common pallet fastener, formed from wire by cutting a point and forming a head. Available in smooth-shank, annular (ring), and helical (spiral) thread profiles. Nail selection affects joint strength, withdrawal resistance, and the ease of pallet disassembly for repair.
Non-Reversible Pallet: A pallet where the top and bottom decks have different configurations, such as different board widths, spacing, or thickness, making it unsuitable for flipping to use the bottom as the load surface. Most standard pallets are non-reversible.
Notch: A rectangular cutout in the lower portion of a pallet stringer, typically 9 inches long and 1.5 inches deep, that allows forklift tines to enter from the side of the pallet. Notches are cut at two locations along each stringer to enable four-way forklift entry.
Notched Stringer: A stringer with two entry notches cut at standard spacing to allow forklift entry from all four sides, creating a partial four-way entry pallet. Unlike a true four-way block pallet, notched stringer pallets may not accommodate hand pallet jacks entering from the sides.

Opening Height: The vertical distance inside the pallet available for forklift tine entry, measured from the floor to the underside of the top deck or to the top of the stringer notch. Must meet the minimum fork clearance required by the handling equipment in use.
Overall Height: The total vertical dimension of a pallet from the floor to the top face of the top deck. Affects maximum stacking height in trailers and warehouses, and is a critical input for storage system design and trailer cube optimization.
Overhang: The distance deckboards extend beyond the outer edge of the stringer or stringerboard, also called a wing or lip. Overhang improves forklift entry ease but increases the pallet footprint. Can also refer to the distance a unit load extends past the edge of the pallet deck.

Pallet: A portable, horizontal, rigid platform used as the base for assembling, storing, stacking, handling, and transporting goods as a consolidated unit load. Pallets are the foundational element of modern palletized logistics, enabling efficient forklift movement and racking storage worldwide.
Pallet Design System (PDS): A reliability-based, computer-aided design program developed at Virginia Tech, adopted as the industry standard for wooden pallet engineering. PDS outputs include safe load capacity for floor stack, rack, and dynamic scenarios, expected deflection, life to first repair, economic life, and cost-per-trip.
Pallet Dimensions: The standard specification format: stringer or stringerboard length x deckboard length (e.g., 48"x40"). The first number always refers to the stringer length; the second to the deckboard length. This convention applies universally across the North American pallet industry.
Pallet Jack: A hand-propelled wheeled platform equipped with a hydraulic lifting mechanism used to move palletized loads at floor level. Also called a pallet truck or pump truck. Requires adequate hand-wheel jack openings in the pallet bottom deck to function correctly.
Pallet Life: The total useful service period of a pallet, expressed in calendar time or number of one-way trips completed. Pallet life is influenced by construction quality, wood species, fastener type, load conditions, handling frequency, and whether timely repairs are made.
Pallet Pool: A shared pallet management system where a common stock of pallets circulates among multiple participating shippers and receivers. CHEP and PECO are the largest commercial pallet pool operators. Pooling reduces pallet procurement and disposal costs for individual users.
Pallet Specification (Spec): The complete written description of a pallet's design requirements: nominal dimensions, wood species, lumber grade, deckboard and stringer thickness and width, deckboard spacing, fastener type and quantity, and all load ratings. A detailed spec is essential for consistent custom orders and incoming quality control.
Panel Deck Pallet: A pallet with a composite or structural panel material, such as plywood, oriented strand board, or corrugated composite, used as the top deck surface instead of individual deckboards. Panel decks provide a continuous solid surface and more even load distribution.
Partial Four-Way Stringer Pallet: A stringer pallet with notched stringers that allow powered forklift entry from all four sides, but whose fork openings are too narrow to accommodate hand pallet jacks from the side. Contrasts with a full four-way block pallet that accepts both forklifts and hand jacks from all sides.
Payload: The maximum weight a pallet is rated to carry in service, expressed in pounds or kilograms. Payload ratings vary based on load scenario: floor stack (highest), racked (moderate), and dynamic (lowest) for the same pallet. Always verify which scenario a quoted payload figure applies to.
Post Pallet: A pallet fitted with vertical posts or blocks between the decks or beneath the top deck to create fork-entry space. Functionally equivalent to a block pallet; the terms are often used interchangeably.

Quality: In pallet manufacturing, quality means the consistent delivery of a uniform product that meets customer requirements for structural performance, dimensional accuracy, and durability. A-1 Pallets enforces a multi-point quality inspection on every pallet before it leaves our facility.

Racked Across Deckboards: A load scenario where a pallet sits in rack storage supported only at the ends of its deckboards, across the pallet width. PDS calculates maximum safe load and deflection for this configuration, which stresses the deckboards across their full span.
Racked Across Stringers: A load scenario where a pallet sits in rack storage supported only at the ends of its stringers or stringerboards, along the pallet length. This typically produces the lowest safe-load rating and highest deflection of all rack configurations.
Racking Load Capacity: The maximum weight a pallet can safely support when placed on rack beams and supported only at two points. This is typically the most demanding load scenario and produces the lowest of the three standard pallet load ratings.
Recycled Pallet: A used pallet that has been collected, inspected, repaired as needed, and returned to active service. Recycled pallets are a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to new pallets and are a core part of A-1 Pallets' closed-loop service offering.
Repair: The process of restoring a damaged pallet to serviceable condition by replacing broken or missing deckboards, stringers, or blocks, re-nailing loose components, and re-squaring the structure. Timely repair dramatically extends pallet life and reduces cost-per-trip.
Rental Pallet: A pallet owned by a third party and rented for a defined period or trip, then returned to the owner. CHEP is the most recognized rental pallet provider. The rental model shifts pallet management and maintenance responsibility to the pool operator.
Returnable / Reusable Pallet: A pallet engineered and built for multiple round trips, designed to be returned to the shipper after delivery and reused. Returnable pallets carry a higher upfront cost but lower cost-per-trip over their service life compared to expendable pallets.
Reversible Pallet: A double-face pallet with identical top and bottom decks so that either surface can serve as the load-bearing face. When one deck becomes damaged, the pallet can be flipped to extend its usable life, effectively doubling available surface.

Shipping Pallet: A pallet designed for a single one-way trip from shipper to receiver, then discarded or recycled. Also called an expendable pallet. Shipping pallets prioritize low upfront cost over long-term durability.
Shook: Cut-to-size pallet parts, including deckboards, stringers, and blocks, that have been sawn to finished dimensions and are ready for assembly into a finished pallet.
Shook Grade: The quality classification of pallet parts based on the size, number, and distribution of natural wood defects (knots, splits, wane) that affect structural performance. Grading is done independently of wood species and determines the strength and service life of the finished pallet.
Single-Face Pallet: A pallet with deckboards on the top surface only, with no bottom deck. Lighter and less expensive than double-face pallets, but structurally weaker and not suitable for two-sided use. Common in retail display and one-way shipping applications.
Single-Wing Pallet: A pallet where only the top deckboards extend beyond the edges of the stringers or stringerboards; the bottom deckboards (if present) remain flush. The single wing facilitates strap-over loading and improves top-deck access without increasing the racking footprint.
Skid: A platform similar to a pallet but with no bottom deck, resting directly on the floor on its stringers or runners. Skids are lighter and less expensive than pallets but cannot be double-stacked and offer less floor protection. Common in manufacturing and heavy-duty applications.
Slave Pallet: A dedicated support pallet, thick panel, or platform used as a base for a palletized load in rack-storage or automated production systems. Slave pallets remain in the system and receive product pallets placed on top of them; they are not primary shipping pallets.
Soft Nail: A pallet nail with a MIBANT bend angle of 47 degrees or greater, indicating low hardness. Soft nails are more ductile and absorb impact energy without breaking, but provide less joint stiffness than hardened or stiff-stock nails.
Softwood: Wood from coniferous (needle-bearing, typically evergreen) tree species such as Southern Yellow Pine, Douglas Fir, Spruce, and Hem-Fir. Softwoods account for the majority of pallet lumber in North America due to their wide availability, ease of nailing, and favorable strength-to-weight ratio.
Solid Deck Pallet: A pallet constructed with no gaps between deckboards, creating a continuous closed surface. Required for small-part, granular, or dusty product loads that would fall through standard-spaced decks. Common in food-grade, pharmaceutical, and clean-room applications.
Span: The unsupported distance a pallet component must bridge between its supports: between stringers or blocks for deckboards, or between rack beams or the floor for stringers. Span is a primary driver of required component size and load capacity calculations.
Static Load Capacity: The maximum weight a pallet can safely support while stationary on a flat, fully-supported surface such as a warehouse floor. Static capacity is generally the highest of the three standard pallet load ratings because there are no unsupported spans or dynamic forces involved.
Stevedore Pallet: A heavy-duty, double-wing pallet designed for use on seaport docks and maritime shipping environments. Built to withstand rough handling, outdoor exposure, and the extreme loads associated with shipping container operations.
Stiff-Stock Steel Nail: A pallet nail made from medium-high carbon steel without heat treatment or tempering, with a MIBANT angle between 29 and 46 degrees. Stiffer than soft nails but more ductile than hardened nails: a middle-ground fastener for general pallet construction.
Strap Slot: A recess or cutout on the upper edge of the stringer, or on the bottom face of the top deckboard, that allows tie-down strapping to be threaded around the unit load and seated flush with the pallet surface. Prevents the strap from being crushed or severed during handling. Also called a banding notch.
Strapping: Thin flat bands made from polypropylene, polyester, or steel wrapped around a unit load and pallet to prevent shifting during transit. Strapping is threaded through strap slots when present and secured with buckles, heat welds, or crimped seals.
Stringer: A continuous longitudinal lumber member, typically a 2x4 or 3x4, that runs the full length of a stringer pallet and directly supports the top and bottom decks. Most stringer pallets use three parallel stringers: two outer and one center. The stringer length defines the primary pallet dimension.
Stringer Pallet: The most common pallet type in North America: three parallel stringers connecting the top and bottom decks. Standard stringer pallets offer two-way forklift entry from the ends; notched stringers enable partial four-way entry. Lighter and less expensive than block pallets, but generally weaker for racking applications.
Stringerboard: In block pallets, a continuous solid board member running the full length of the pallet perpendicular to deckboards, sandwiched between the deckboards and the blocks. Stringerboards distribute load from the deck into the blocks and add rigidity to the overall assembly.

Take-It-or-Leave-It Pallet: A pallet fitted with fixed cleats on the top deckboards allowing forklift tines to pass between the cleats and beneath the unit load, lifting and removing the load while leaving the pallet in place. Used in automated systems where pallets remain stationary and product is transferred off them.
Tare Weight: The weight of an empty pallet. Tare weight must be subtracted from the gross loaded weight to calculate net payload. It also affects carrier weight compliance and freight cost on weight-restricted shipments.
Top Cap: A flat panel placed on top of the unit load before strapping is applied. The top cap distributes strap tension evenly across the top product layer, preventing crushing or damage from tight banding and allowing corner protectors to seat correctly.
Top Deck: The assembly of deckboards forming the upper load-carrying surface of the pallet: the face on which goods are placed. Board width, thickness, spacing, and species all affect load distribution, surface coverage, and compatibility with automated handling equipment.
Trip: One complete one-way movement of a loaded pallet from origin to destination. In the pallet industry, one trip typically involves four to six individual handlings (pick-up and set-down cycles). Pallet life and cost-per-trip calculations are based on total trip count.
Two-Way Entry Pallet: A stringer pallet with unnotched, solid stringers that allow forklift entry only from the two ends, not from the sides. Two-way entry pallets are simpler and less expensive to produce but restrict handling flexibility in busy warehouse environments.

Unit Load: An assembly of goods placed on a pallet and often secured with stretch wrap or strapping, handled, moved, stored, and stacked as a single entity. The unit load concept is the foundation of modern palletized logistics, dramatically increasing handling speed and reducing product damage compared to handling individual items.

Warehouse Pallet: A double-face, multi-trip returnable pallet built for repeated use in general warehouse operations including floor stacking, rack storage, and forklift handling. Designed for durability and repairability over a long service life.
Wing: The portion of a deckboard that extends beyond the outer edge of the stringer or stringerboard. Wings ease forklift entry, increase top deck surface area, and allow strapping to be wrapped around the extended edges. Also called overhang or lip. See also: Single-Wing Pallet, Double-Wing Pallet.

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